Parathyroid Gland

Bismillahirrahmanirrahim

1. What is hyperparathyroidism?
2. What are the manifestations of hyperparathyroidism?
3. What stimulates the release of parathormone from the parathyroid gland?
4. What is hypoparathyroidism?
5. What are the manifestation(s) of hypoparathyroidism?
6. What is the normal blood calcium level?
7. If the blood calcium level is 7mg/dL, what are the tests that can be done to diagnose it?
8. What is the level of blood calcium in manifest and latent tetany respectively?

1.  What is this sign called?
2. Describe the picture shown above.
3. Is this condition a chronic state or acute state of hypocalcemia?
4. What are the possible causes for hypocalcemia other than defect in the parathyroid gland function?

1.  What is this sign called?
2. How can the procedure to ellicit the sign be done?
3. Describe the picture shown above.

Pancreas

Bismillahirrahmanirrahim

1. What is diabetes mellitus?
2. What are the manifestations of diabetes mellitus?
3. What promotes the release of insulin?
4. Which type of cells in the pancreas secrete insulin?
5. Mention 3 functions of insulin on carbohydrate/fat/protein metabolism?
6. What is the effect of insulin on K+ and Ca++ metabolism?
7. What are the hormones secreted by the pancreas?

Reproduction

Bismillahirrahmanirrahim

1. Abnormalities of hyposecretion of testis(hypogonadism):

BOY loses testes before puberty:

• Infantile 1ry and 2ry sexual characteristics
• height is slightly greater than that of normal man

MAN loses testes after puberty:

• Some 1ry & 2ry sexual characteristics revert to those of a child

2. Hypergonadism:

• Rapid growth of muscles and bones
• Height is less than that of normal man
• Excessive development of 1ry & 2ry sexual characteristics

3. Hypogonadism in females before puberty:

• 1ry and 2ry sexual characteristics remains infantile
• prolonged growth of bones

4. Hypogonadism in females fter puberty:

• Sexual organs regress to soem extent
• atrophy of breasts

5. Hypersecretion of ovaries:

• Hypertrophy of uterine endometrium and irregular bleeding

6. What is the effect of estrogen and progesterone on the endometrium?

7. Elevation of which hormone causes ovulation?

8. Why does menstruation occurs? coz of loss of hormonal support of progesterone, estrogen.

Adrenal Cortex

Bismillahirrahmanirrahim.

• Identify the pictures and answer the questions that follow:

1. There is evident pigmentation of the gums. What do you think the disease that can cause this condition?
2. What is the name of the hormone causing this pigmentation?
3. what is the relation between hyposecretion of adrenal cortical hormones(cortisol) and the hormone mention in Q no.2?
4. What are the other common sites for pigmentation to occur in this condition?
5. What happens to the level of ACTH in this patient?
6. What are the other manifestions of this patient?

Observe the picture below and answer the questions that follow:

CUSHING'S DISEASE

1. What do you think this patient suffers from?
2. Describe the manifestation(s) that you can see in this picture.
3. What are the other manifestations that the patient could have?

P/S: The picture is very tricky eh?? :P Maybe the pictures below could give u some more clues

CUSHING'S DISEASE

1. Describe the manifestation that you can see from the picture above.
2. What is the condition from which the patient is suffering from.
3. What happens to the level of cortisol, ACTH, and CRF for a primary disease of the adrenal cortex?
4. If the condition is secondary to pituitary tumor, what happens to the level of Cortisol, ACTH, & CRF? Likewise, what happens to the level of the cortisol, ACTH & CRF if the condition is secondary to a hypothalamic disease?
5. What other manifestations could the patient suffers from?

ACNE manifestation is present in Cushing's Disease and Adrenogenital Syndrome

P/S: ctrl + A  :)

Thyroid

Bismillahirrahmanirrahim

1. Identify the pictures and answer the questions that follow:

 GRAVE'S DISEASE/THYROTOXICOSIS/HYPERTHYROIDISM

1.  Identify the disease and mention 3  characteristic manifestations.
2. What are the causes for the disease?
3. What happens to the level of TRH, TSH, & T3&T4 of this patient?
4. Why is there weight loss in this patient eventhough there is polyphagia?
5. Why is there tremors of the outstretched fingers in this patient?

 MYXEDEMA-HYPOTHYROIDISM

1.  Identify the disease and mention 3  characteristic manifestations.
2. What causes the disease?-deficiency in thyroid hormones in adults
3. What happens to the level of TRH, TSH, & T3&T4 of this patient?
4. Why is there enlargement of the thyroid in this patient?
5. Why si there edematous swelling throughout the body of the patient?
6. How come the patient presents with anemia?

1. Diagnose this patient. MYXEDEMA(HYPOTHYROIDISM)

CRETIN

1. Diagnose this patient.
2. What are the causes for this condition?
3. Can we prevent this condition? How?
4. What happens to the level of TRH, TSH, & T3&T4 of this patient?

 -Adult Cretin-

P/S:Press ctrl+A to see the diagnosis :)

Until Next time~!

Pituitary

1. What are the hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary?
2. Decrease in Growth hormone(GH) during childhood will cause???
3. Give 3 manifestations of deficiency in growth hormone during childhood.
4. The decrease in GH and other anterior pituitary hormones during childhood will cause??? & mention the manifestations.
   • answer: pituitary infantilism.
   • All manifestations of dwarfism will be present but the child will not sexually mature due to the def of GnTH 
5. The decrease in GH and other anterior pituitary hormones during adulthood will cause??? & mention the manifestations. Answer: PArtial insuffiiciency of pituitary hormones.
6. What is meant by panhypopituitarism? Mention its manifestations.
7. What is the condition when there is excess GH before adolescence? Mention its manifestations.
8. What is the condition when there is excess GH after adolescence? Mention its manifestations.
9. What is hyperprolactinemia and mention its manifestations.
10. What is a possible for hyperprolactinemia?
11. What are the hormones secreted by posterior pituitary?
12. Deficiency in ADH will cause what disease? and mention its manifestations. Answer: Daibetes Insipidus
13. Look at the pictures below and mention the disease presented by the picture:

DWARFISM

 Ignore all other pictures, just look at the man sitting on the chair.

GIGANTISM

ACROMEGALY

ANSWERS for the pictures are white in color...so, press ctrl+A to see the answer.

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Bismillahirramanirrahim

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