Assalamu'alaikum wbt.
As for our next paper : PHYSIOLOGY
ALL TOPICS WILL BE INCLUDED.
except
1.
Parturition (of endocrine system, pg 117)
2.
Physical caloric value of food (metabolism, pg 4)
just know the value of
- 4.1 kCal/gram of CHO
- 9.3 KCal/gram of fat
- 4.1 KCal/gram of protein
3.
Direct calorimetry (metabolism, pg 6)
4.
Importance of RQ : 1. "indicates the type of food being utilized" point, just know :
(metabolism pg 8)
- RQ for CHO is 1.0
- RQ for fats is 0.7
- RQ for protein is 0.82
and very important to remember that "the energy equivalent of O
2 is 4.82
5.
Steady State (metabolism, pg 19)
6.
Obesity (metabolism pg 41) - omitted
*Based on what we have taken in the lectures.*
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Hormones
2. Pituitary Gland:
Hormones of Ant Pituitary | TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, GH, Prolactin |
Growth Hormone (GH) | -actions/ functions -regulation/control -abnormalities/diseases; HYPO-dwarfism, partial pituitary insufficiency, panhypopituitarism. HYPER-Gigantism, acromegaly |
Prolactin | -actions/functions -HYPERprolactinemia |
Hormones of Post Pituitary | ADH(vasopressin) & Oxytocin |
Vasopressin | Actions/functions Control/regulation Diabetes insipidus |
Oxytocin | Actions/functions Control/regulation |
3. Thyroid Gland
-Functions of its hormones
-Regulation
-HYPERthyroidism
-HYPOthyroidism; causes, myxedema, cretinism
4. Parathyroid Gland
-Functions of its hormones
-Regulation
-HYPERparathyroidism
-hypercalcemia
-HYPOparathyroidism=tetany
5. Calcitonin
-functions & control
6. Calcium & phosphate metabolism
7. Vitamin D
8. Adrenal Gland:
Medulla | -Actions of its hormones(catecholamines) -Effect of def -Effect of excess; pheochromocytoma
|
Cortex | Mineralocorticoid(Aldosterone)
| -actions/functions -regulation -1ry HYPERaldosteronism(Conn’s syndrome) -Effect of def |
Glucocorticoid(Cortisol)
| -actions/functions -regulation -HYPOadrenalism(Addison’s disease); ...mineralocorticoid def+glucocorticoid def -HYPERadrenalism(Cushing’s syndrome) ...excess cortisol
|
Androgen
| -Actions/functions -Adrenogenital syndrome; excess androgen |
9. Pancreas:
-hormones secreted by it
-Somatostatin
-Insulin; functions & control
-Glucagon; Actions & regulation
-Diabetes Mellitus; Def in insulin or low insulin in blood or depressed in insulin function.
§ Manifestations
§ Disturbance in the metabolism of CHO, protein, and fat.
-hyperinsulinemia; hypoglycaemic shockàprogressive irritabilityàfainting, convulsions, coma.
10. Reproduction & Hormonal Functions of Male
- Functions of blood testis barrier
- Functions of Sertoli
- Hormonal factors that stimulate spermatogenesis
- What happens to sperms in the epididymis?
- Functions of the seminal vesicle
- Functions of prostate gland
- Semen
- Endocrinal functions of testes; effect during fetal development & during adult
- Control of male sexual functions
- Puberty & regulation of its onset
- Abnormalities; hypogonadism, hypergonadism
11. Female reproductive system
- Components of female reproductive system
- Ovarian cycle
- Endometrial cycle
- Ovarian hormones; estrogens and progesterones
- Abnormalities of secretion by ovaries; hypogonadism, hypersecretion of ovaries
- Pregnancy
*Parturition is NOT INCLUDED in the exam.
12. Mammary Glands and Lactation
-development of mammary glands
-milk formation(secretion)
-milk ejection
RENAL SYSTEM LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Renal physiology
a) Functions of kidney
b) Contents of excreted urine
2. Physiologic anatomy of the kidney
a) Malphigian corpuscle
b) Renal tubule
3. Renal circulation
a) Blood supply & drainage
b) Characters of renal circulation
c) Nerve supply
4. Formation of urine
a) 3 main processes
b) Glomerular filtration:
· Membrane
· Rate
5. Dynamics of glomerular filtration
a) Glomerular pressure
b) Bowman’s capsule pressure
c) Colloid osmotic pressure
d) Filtration pressure
e) Filtration coefficient (Kf)
f) Factors for high GFR:
· High capillary blood pressure
· High Kf
6. Factors affecting GFR
*There’s 7 of them
7. The concept of plasma clearance
a) Plasma cl.
b) Inulin cl.
c) Creatine cl.
d) PAH cl.
*Train yourself to substitute the values given in problem question into the formula
8. The juxtaglomerular complex
a) Structure
b) Function
9. Autoregulation of GFR
a) Mechanism of autoregulation of GFR
b) Special feedback mechanism in case of hypotension
c) Autoregulation of renal blood flow.
10. Transport through renal tubule
a) Active
b) Passive
11. Functions of PCT
a) Functions: *There’s 6 of them
b) Secretion in PCT
12. Reabsorption in LOH
a) Thin descending/ Thin ascending/ Thick ascending.
b) Functions of LOH
13. Functions of DCT
*There’s 3 of them
14. Tubular reabsorption maxima
a) For glucose
b) For PAH
15. Osmolality
16. Diluting mechanism of kidney
*This process depends on the presence of ADH hormone
17. Concentrating mechanism of the kidney
*Pay close attention to this topic!!
18. Renal function test
a) Renal cl. Test
b) Test depending on blood analysis
c) Physical analysis of urine
d) IV pyelography
19. Physiologic anatomy & nervous connection of UB
*Innervation of the bladder
20. The micturition reflex
a) Understand micturation reflex itself
b) Control of micturation by the brain
21. Acid-Base balance
a) Hydrogen ion balance
b) Threats of pH
c) Defense against changes in Hydrogen concentration:
*know the function of each defense mechanism
*The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation is mentioned in the lecture, so you kneed to know about it. But the doctor mentioned that it will not come out in the exams.
22. Acid-Base disturbances
a) Respiratory pH disturbances
b) Metabolic pH disturbances
c) Effects on the body
23. Physiology of the body fluids
a) Regulation of volume & osmolality of body fluid:
· Water balance: Input&Output
· Control of water balance : *Take note of the thirst centre!
· Mechanism of water balance
*The Regulation of circulating blood volume is not included insyaAllah
METABOLISM LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. ENERGY TRANSFER:
a) High energy compound
b) Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
c) Creatine Phosphate
d) Unit of heat energy
2. ENERGY BALANCE:
a) Caloric intake
b) (Physical caloric value of food will not be included)(metabolism, pg 4)
just know the value of
a. 4.1 KCal/gram of CHO
b. 9.3 KCal/gram of fat
c. 4.1 KCal/gram of protein
c) Energy output
d) Measurement of metabolic rate
e) -Direct calorimetry will not be included (metabolism, pg 6)
f) -Indirect calorimetry will be included
g) The respiratory quotient (RQ)
h) -Importance..of RQ just know
i. RQ for CHO is 1.0
ii. RQ for fats is 0.7
iii. RQ for protein is 0.82
iv. and very important to remember that "the energy equivalent of O2 is 4.82
i) -factors affecting the RQ
j) Factors affecting metabolic rate
k) Basal metabolic rate
l) Steady state WILL NOT be included (pg 19)
3. BODY TEMP. & ITS REGULATIONS
a) Normal body temp.
b) Physical variation in body temp.
c) Balance bet. Heat production & heat loss
d) Temp. regulating center
e) Temp.regulating mechanism
f) Abnormalities in body temp.regulation
4. REGULATION OF FOOD INTAKE
a) Neural centers for regulation of food intake
b) Factors regulating food intake
5. STARVATION
a) Causes
b) Effects of complete starvation
*OBESITY- WILL NOT BE INCLUDED
Selamat Study. Bittaufiq wan Najah.
